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Practical ecological knowledge for the temperate reader. |
Family: Campanulaceae (Bellflower family) [E-flora]
"Annual, perennial herb, from taproot, fibrous roots, or rhizome, hairs 0 to dense. Stem: reclining or erect, branched, 2–60[150] cm, 4-angled. Leaf: basal or not, cauline, generally lanceolate to ovate, thin, fleshy, or leathery, entire to toothed, sessile or petioled, gradually reduced distally to bracts in inflorescence. Inflorescence: raceme and/or flowers 1 [head, spike, panicle]; terminal or axillary. Flower: not inverted; corolla cylindric to funnel- or bell-shaped, white to deep blue, cut 1/4–2/3 [to all the way] to base, lobes narrow- to wide-triangular; ovary inferior, hemispheric, spheric, or oblong to obconic. Fruit: open by 2–3 lateral pores. Seed: 0.6–3.5 mm, oblong or fusiform.
± 400 species: northern hemisphere; many cultivated, some medicinal. (Latin: little bell, from corolla shape) [Roquet et al. 2008 Syst Bot 33:203–217] Campanula prenanthoides moved to Asyneuma." [Jepson]
Major Constituents and Therapeutic Values of Chinese Medicinal Herbs [CRNAH] |
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Scientific Name |
Common Chinese and (English) Name |
'''Major Constituents and (sources)''' |
Therapeutic Values* |
Campanula gentianoides Lam. C. giauca Thunb. C. grandiflora Jacq. (Syn.Platycodon grandiflorum) |
Jie Geng |
(root) "Saponins, inulin, platycodigenin." |
As an expectorant |
Campanula glomerata; C. glomerata L. var. dahurica; C. punctata Lam |
Feng Lin Cao |
(whole plant) "Quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, hyperoside, isoquercetin, trifolin, chlorogenic acid, methyl caffeate, coumaroylquinic acid." |
For throat infection, headache |
Chinese and North American Medicinal Herbs Belonging to the Same Genus and Different Species: Major Constituents and Therapeutic Values |
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Source |
Scientific Name |
Major Constituents |
Therapeutic Values* |
N.A. |
Campanula rotundifolia L.; C. palustris L. |
"Lutein-7-primveroside, luteolin-7-0- beta-D-glucopyranosil, rhamnetin-3-0- beta-D-galactoside, esculetin, caffeic, n-coumaric, ferulic acids." |
"For faintness or a weak heart, stop bleeding, reduce swelling." |
Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Long leaf stitchwort (Medicine leaf small long). Used to make a steam to inhale. [HuronSmith]
| Food Uses of Various Sp. | ||
| Names | Range | Uses |
| Campanula fenestrellata - Adriatic Bellflower | S. Europe - Adriatic Coast. | Leaves - raw or cooked[K]. A pleasant sweet flavour[K]. It makes a very acceptable addition to mixed salads in the winter[K]. Flowers - raw. Produced in abundance, they have a pleasant sweet flavour and make a decorative addition to the salad bowl[K].(1) |
| Campanula garganica - Adriatic Bellflower | S. Europe - Italy. | Leaves - raw or cooked. The leaves are quite small but have a pleasant mild flavour, and make a very acceptable addition to salads[K]. Flowers - raw or cooked. Slightly sweet[K].(2) |
| Campanula glomerata - Clustered Bellflower, Dane's blood, Clustered Bellflower | Most of Europe, including Britain, to temperate Asia. | Leaves - raw or cooked. A mild flavour with a pleasant sweetness, it can be used as a major ingredient in salads[K]. Flowers - raw[K]. Beautiful to look at, they have a pleasant sweetness and make a very attractive decoration to a salad[K].(3) |
| Accessed Feb 10, 2015 | ||
"Campanula lasiocarpa is a PERENNIAL growing to 0.2 m (0ft 8in).
It is hardy to zone (UK) 4. It is in flower in July, and the seeds ripen from Aug to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, beetles, lepidoptera, self.The plant is self-fertile.
Suitable for: light (sandy) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers moist soil." [PFAF]
"General: Perennial herb from a thin, branching rhizome; stems single to several, erect or ascending, 2-20 cm tall, smooth or slightly hairy." [IFBC-E-flora]
"Habitat / Range Moist to mesic meadows, forests and rocky slopes in the montane to alpine zones; common N of 52degreeN; amphiberingian, N to AK, YT, and NT, E to W AB and S to N WA; E. Asia." [IFBC-E-flora]
"Gravelly and sandy slopes in C. and N. Japan[58]. Crevices in rocks and on rocky slopes in alpine areas at elevations of 1600 - 3100 metres on Honshu, 1000 - 2000 metres on Hokkaido[275]." "E. Asia - China, Japan to Western N. America - Rocky Mountains." [PFAF]
Origin Status: Native [E-flora]
Edible Uses
Propagation "Seed - surface sow spring in a cold frame. The seed usually germinates in 2 - 4 weeks at 18oc. Easy[221]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Basal cuttings in spring. Harvest the shoots when they are about 10 - 15cm long with plenty of underground stem. Pot them up into individual pots and keep them in light shade in a cold frame or greenhouse until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the summer. Division in spring or autumn. Very easy, larger clumps can be replanted direct into their permanent positions, though it is best to pot up smaller clumps and grow them on in a cold frame until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the summer or following spring." [PFAF]
Cultivation "Prefers a moist but well-drained rich sandy loam and a neutral or alkaline soil in sun or partial shade[1, 200]. A rock garden plant, it is difficult to grow in the garden needing a very gritty soil and perfect drainage[1]. It grows freely amongst rocks or in a loose scree, but is very impatient of winter wet[221]. Plants are hardy to at least -15oc[200]. Slugs are very partial to this plant[221]. Members of this genus are rarely if ever troubled by browsing deer[233]. The species in this genus do not often hybridize and so seed can generally be relied upon to come true[221]. The plants are self-fertile[221]. Plants produce seed freely in British gardens[221]. There is at least one named variety, selected for its ornamental value. 'Alba' has white flowers[200]." [PFAF]
Synonyms
Campanula lasiocarpa subsp. latisepala (Hultén) Hultén [E-flora]
Campanula latisepala Hultén [E-flora]
Campanula latisepala var. dubia Hultén [E-flora]
"Campanula medium is an evergreen Biennial growing to 1.2 m (4ft) by 0.3 m (1ft in) at a medium rate.
It is hardy to zone (UK) 8. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower in July, and the seeds ripen from Aug to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, beetles, lepidoptera, self.The plant is self-fertile.
Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline soils.
It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil." [PFAF]
"General: Biennial herb from a fibrous root or rhizome; stems single to several, erect or ascending, 35-90 cm tall, bristly-hairy." [IFBC-E-flora]
"Habitat / Range Mesic disturbed areas in the lowland zone; rare garden escape in coastal SW BC; introduced from Europe." [IFBC-E-flora]
Status: Exotic [E-flora]
Edible Uses
Other Uses
Phytochemicals
Propagation
"Seed - best sown in an outdoor seedbed in May, the seedlings are transplanted when large enough and then placed in their final positions in the autumn[221]. The seed usually germinates in 2 - 4 weeks at 18oc[138]." [PFAF]
Cultivation
"Succeeds in most fertile well-drained soils[233], though it prefers a moist but well-drained rich sandy loam and a neutral or alkaline soil in sun or partial shade[1, 200]. A very ornamental plant, it is often grown in the flower garden and there are many named varieties[17]. The species in this genus do not often hybridize and so seed can generally be relied upon to come true[221]. The plants are self-fertile[221]. Plants usually self-sow in British gardens[221]. Members of this genus are rarely if ever troubled by browsing deer[233]." [PFAF]
"Campanula persicifolia is an evergreen Perennial growing to 1 m (3ft 3in) by 0.5 m (1ft 8in).
It is hardy to zone (UK) 3 and is not frost tender. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from Jun to August, and the seeds ripen from Aug to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, beetles, lepidoptera, self.The plant is self-fertile.
Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil." [PFAF]
Origin Status: Exotic [E-flora]
"General: Perennial herb from a branching rhizome; stems single to several, erect, leafy, 35-90 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely hairy." [IFBC-E-flora]
"Habitat / Range
Mesic disturbed areas in the lowland zone; rare garden escape in coastal SW BC; introduced from Eurasia." [IFBC-E-flora]
"Commons and open woods[13, 17]." "Europe to western and northern Asia. Locally naturalized in Britain." [PFAF]
Edible Uses
Propagation
"Seed - surface sow spring in a cold frame. The seed usually germinates in 2 - 4 weeks at 18°c[138]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Basal cuttings in spring[1]. Harvest the shoots when they are about 10 - 15cm long with plenty of underground stem. Pot them up into individual pots and keep them in light shade in a cold frame or greenhouse until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the summer. Division in spring or autumn[200]. Very easy[221], larger clumps can be replanted direct into their permanent positions, though it is best to pot up smaller clumps and grow them on in a cold frame until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the summer or following spring." [PFAF]
Cultivation
"Easily grown in ordinary garden soil[187]. Prefers a moist but well-drained rich sandy loam and a neutral or alkaline soil in sun or partial shade[1, 200]. Succeeds in light woodland[200]. Plants are hardy to at least -15°c[200]. The species in this genus do not often hybridize and so seed can generally be relied upon to come true[221]. The plants are self-fertile[221]. A very ornamental plant, there are many named varieties[187]. It was at one time grown as a culinary vegetable, but is now only grown as an ornamental plant[4]. The sub-species C. persicifolia crystalocalyx has larger leaves than the species and so is more suitable as a food crop[K]. A very long-lived and easily grown plant[187], it is best divided every other year[111]. Slugs are very fond of this plant and can cause severe damage even to large plants[K]. Members of this genus are rarely if ever troubled by browsing deer[233]. This plant is a potential winter salad plant, it retains a basal rosette of leaves all winter[K]." [PFAF]
Synonyms
"Campanula rapunculoides is a PERENNIAL growing to 1.2 m (4ft) by 1 m (3ft 3in) at a fast rate.
It is hardy to zone (UK) 3. It is in flower from Jul to September, and the seeds ripen from Aug to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, beetles, lepidoptera, self.The plant is self-fertile.
Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil." [PFAF]
Origin Status: Exotic [E-flora]
General: Perennial or sometimes biennial herb from a branching rhizome; stems single to several, erect, over 50 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely hairy." [IFBC-E-flora]
"Habitat / Range
Disturbed areas in the lowland and lower montane zones; frequent, scattered across extreme S BC; introduced from Eurasia." [IFBC-E-flora]
"Fields and woods[100]. Naturalised in Britain where it grows in fields and more or less disturbed grassy areas such as railway banks, occasionally in woods, usually near to houses[17]." "Europe, north to 65oN., east to W. Asia and the Caucasus. Introduced in Britain." [PFAF]
Edible Uses
Lore
"RAMPION BELLFLOWER
(Campanula rapunculus) Not a British native, but established here and there, usually as an escape. The specific name, rapunculus, means a little turnip, and the roots are quite edible, either raw, or sliced in salads, or cooked, when they taste rather like parsnips." [DPL Watts]
Propagation
"Seed - surface sow spring in a cold frame. The seed usually germinates in 2 - 4 weeks at 18oc[138]. Easy[221]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Basal cuttings in spring[200]. Harvest the shoots when they are about 10 - 15cm long with plenty of underground stem. Pot them up into individual pots and keep them in light shade in a cold frame or greenhouse until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the summer. Division in spring or autumn[200]. Very easy, any part of the root will produce a new plant[221]." [PFAF]
Cultivation
"An easily grown plant succeeding in almost any soil[221], though it prefers a moist but well-drained rich sandy loam and a neutral or alkaline soil in sun or partial shade[1, 200]. It is slower growing and less spreading when grown in heavier soils[271]. Plants are hardy to at least -15oc[200]. The species in this genus do not often hybridize and so seed can generally be relied upon to come true[221]. The plants are self-fertile[221]. A beautiful plant, it was at one time cultivated as a culinary plant but has fallen into disuse[4]. The plant produces a mass of thick white roots which can spread at an alarming rate, especially in light soils. It can often fill an entire bed with its tenaceous roots, killing off less vigorous plants[271]. It is best grown in the wild garden where it can be allowed to romp without harm[221, 271]. Plants can also succeed when growing in thin grass[233]. Plants produce seed freely and often self-sow[221]. Slugs are very attracted to this plant, we have had great problems growing it on our Cornish trial grounds because the slugs eat out all the new shoots in spring and can kill even well-established specimens[K]. Members of this genus are rarely if ever troubled by browsing deer[233]." [PFAF]
Synonyms
"Campanula rotundifolia is a PERENNIAL growing to 0.4 m (1ft 4in) at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 3 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Jul to September, and the seeds ripen from Aug to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, beetles, lepidoptera, self.The plant is self-fertile.''' Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers dry or moist soil." [PFAF]
"General: Perennial herb from a taproot, slender rhizomes or branched stem-base; stems single to several, erect or ascending, 10-80 cm tall, more or less glabrous." [IFBC-E-flora]
"Notes: There is little evidence to suggest that C. alaskana is anything other than a coastal race of the highly variable C. rotundifolia. Many taxonomists (e.g., Shetler 1963, Welsh 1974, Scoggan 1979, Kartesz 1994) do not recognize any infraspecific taxa within this species." [IFBC-E-flora]
Origin Status: Native [E-flora]
"Moist to dry meadows and rock outcrops in all vegetation zones; common throughout BC; circumboreal, N to AK, YT and NT, E to NF and S to TX, NM and N CA." [IFBC-E-flora]
"Dry grassy places and on fixed dunes, often in poor shallow soils throughout most of Britain[17]." "Northern Temperate regions of the world, including Britain, to latitude 70o N." [PFAF]
Edible Uses
Phytochemicals
Propagation
"Seed - surface sow in spring in a cold frame. Three or four weeks pre-chilling of the seed improves the germination rate[138]. The seed usually germinates in 2 - 4 weeks at 18oc[138]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. The seed can also be sown outdoors in situ during the spring. Basal cuttings in spring[1]. Harvest the shoots when they are about 10 - 15cm long with plenty of underground stem. Pot them up into individual pots and keep them in light shade in a cold frame or greenhouse until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the summer. Division in spring or autumn[111]. Very easy, larger clumps can be replanted direct into their permanent positions, though it is best to pot up smaller clumps and grow them on in a cold frame until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the summer or following spring." [PFAF]
Cultivation
"A very easily grown plant, it succeeds in most fertile well-drained soils[233, 271], though it prefers a moist but well-drained rich sandy loam and a neutral or alkaline soil in sun or partial shade[1, 200]. Succeeds in poor soils[17]. This species can be naturalized in finer turfs, on grassy banks and in chalk downland and heath associations[200]. Plants are hardy to at least -15oc[200]. A very variable species in the wild[271]. When established, plants can spread fairly freely and also self-sow, though they are quite easily contained by hoeing[271]. The species in this genus do not often hybridize and so seed can generally be relied upon to come true[221]. The plants are self-fertile[221]. Members of this genus are rarely if ever troubled by browsing deer or rabbits[233]. A very ornamental plant, there are some named varieties[200]." [PFAF]
| Synonyms includes C. latisepala. |
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"General: Perennial herb from a branching, slender rhizome; stems lax, often curved at the base, 5-40 cm tall, glabrous to inconspicuously short-hairy." [IFBC-E-flora]
Origin Status: Native [E-flora]
"Habitat / Range: Mesic to dry forests, rock outcrops and talus slopes in the lowland zone; locally common on Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands; N to SE AK and S to N CA." [IFBC-E-flora]
Ecological Indicator Information
"A shade-intolerant, submontane to montane. Western North American forb distributed more in the Pacific than the Cordilleran region. Occurs in cool mesothermal climates on very dry to moderately dry, nitrogen-poor soils (Mor humus forms). Sporadic in open-canopy forests on strongly drained, rocky and stony, water-shedding sites; also in non-forested communities on disturbed sites. An oxylophytic species characteristic of moisture-deficient sites." (Information applies to coastal locations only)
[IPBC-E-flora]
Campanula trachelium - nettle-leaved bellflower
"Garden escape (bats in the belfry) persists in the old overgrown Chinatown, Coombs, Vancouver Island. (Lomer 5728 @ UBC)." [E-flora]
Food Use
Lore
"NETTLE-LEAVED BELLFLOWER (Campanula trachelium) Once much in demand for treating sore throat and tonsilitis (Grigson). The specific name, trachelium, shows it was a remedy for inflammation of the windpipe, or trachea (Fisher). Gerard called it Throatwort, or Uvula-wort, and other names like Haskwort or Halswort (Cockayne), which is straight from the German Halskraut, where Hals means the throat, or neck, are evidence enough of the usage. Hence, too, the early name Neckwort (Storms). Earlier still, it was taken to be a wound herb, quoted as such in the Anglo-Saxon Apuleius" [DPL Watts]
References